TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. FROM PROTONS TO IMAGES
Spinning Protons
Magnetic Fields
Radio Pulses And Transverse Magnetization
Spatial Localization
Mri Instrument Overview

2. PROTON ENVIRONMENTS AND RELAXATION
Water Structure
T1 Relaxation (Recovery)
Magnetic Field Strength
T2 Relaxation (Decay)
Local Magnetic Effects
Chemical Shifts

3. LONGITUDINAL MAGNETIZATION AND T1 CONTRAST
Repetition Time
Flip Angle

4. TRANSVERSE MAGNETIZATION AND T2 CONTRAST
Echo Time
Non-T2 Causes Of Decay Of Transverse Magnetization
Heterogeneous Magnetic Field And Susceptibility (T2*)
Heterogeneous Chemical Shift
Refocusing Radio Pulses And The "Spin Echo"

5. SPATIAL LOCALIZATION: MAGNETIC FIELD GRADIENTS
Basic Pulse Sequence Annotation
Section Selection
Frequency Encoding
Chemical Shift Misregistration Artifact
Gradient Dephasing And Rephasing
Gradient Echoes And Spin Echoes
Phase Encoding
Pulse Sequence Basics

6. K-SPACE: A GRAPHIC GUIDE FOR THE MATHEMATICALLY ILLITERATE
K-Space Basics
K-Space Representation Of Image Resolution And Field Of View

7. CREATING MR IMAGES
Single-Section Acquisitions
Two Dimensional Multi-Section Acquisitions
Cross-Talk
Magnetization Transfer
Considerations Of Time
2D and 3D Fourier Techniques

8. SNR, SPATIAL RESOLUTION, AND ACQUISITION TIME
Signal-To-Noise Ratio (Snr)
Spatial Resolution (Pixel And Voxel Size)
Relationship To Snr
Acquisition Time
Relationship To Spatial Resolution
Relationship To K-Space
Relationship To Snr
Some Simple Equations For The Mathematically Illiterate

9. ADDITIONAL DETERMINANTS OF SNR
Magnetic Field Strength
Sampling Bandwidth Of The Receiver
Local Receiver Coils
Transmit/Receive Coils
Receive-Only Coils
Quadrature (Circularly Polarized) Coils
Intracavity Coils
Multi-Coil Arrays

10. MOTION-INDUCED ARTIFACTS
Gradient-Induced (Within-View) Phase Changes
Appearance Of Motion-Induced Artifact
Intravoxel Phase Dispersion
Factors Which Affect Within-View Phase Errors
Gradient Moment Nulling
View-To-View Intensity Errors
Strategies For Reducing Motion-Induced Artifacts
Averaging
Reduced Signal Intensity Of Artifact Producing Tissues
Cardiac And Respiratory Monitoring
Suspending Respiration
"Snapshot" Imaging
Special Consideration Of Pulsatile Flow

11. PULSE SEQUENCES: GRADIENT ECHO AND SPIN ECHO
Unspoiled Gradient Echo Techniques
Spoiled Gradient Echo Techniques
Repetition Time And Flip Angle: Effects On Tissue Contrast
Echo Time: Effects On Tissue Contrast
Steady State Free Precession
Spin Echo

12. PREPARATORY PULSES
INversion Recovery
Spatially Selective Saturation
Chemically Selective Saturation
Magnetization Transfer
Magnetization-Prepared Rapid Gradient Echo Techniques

13. MULTI-ECHO TECHNIQUES
Images With Multiple Image Contrast
Multi-Echo Conjugate Techniques
Echo Planar
Fast Spin Echo (RARE, Turbo Spin Echo)
GRASE

14. T1-WEIGHTED PULSE SEQUENCES
Spin Echo
Inversion Recovery
Multi-Section Spoiled Gradient Echo
Single-Section Spoiled Gradient Echo
Magnetization-Prepared Gradient Echo
T1-Weighted Chemical Shift Pulse Sequences

15. T2-WEIGHTED PULSE SEQUENCES
Spin Echo
Gradient Echo
Steady State Free Precession
Multi-Shot Fast Spin Echo
FSE - Inversion Recovery
Single-Shot Fast Spin Echo (HASTE)
Echo Planar and GRASE
Comparison Of T2-Weighted Pulse Sequences